Dubai International Airport has opened its eagerly-awaited Terminal 3 development.
The terminal is being used exclusively by Dubai national airline Emirates - and when fully operational will be able to handle 43 million passengers every year.
Terminal 3's opening means the overall capacity of Dubai International has increased by 50% to over 65 million passengers every year.
Dubai is one of the world's fastest-growing airports, and it's new terminal is just the latest impressive transport infrastructure development in the Middle East.
Flights at Terminal 3 include local flights to Doha, Muscat, Bahrain, Kuwait, Jeddah, Damman and Riyadh, as well as intercontinental services to Europe, the USA, South America.
Further destinations in Africa, the Indian sub-continent and Australia will be added later.
Dubai Terminal 3 Check In
The check in facilities at Dubai Terminal 3 feature the option of online check in, with passengers checking using self-service kiosks.
Passengers can connect to Terminal 3 using either car parks or a brand new metro station that is connected to the other terminals at the airport.
There is a hotel located centrally within the airport, which features a wide range of dining options as well as a health club including a gym, jacuzzi and swimming pool.
According to Gulf News, the airport has been designed to maximise the amount of natural light - helping to create feelings of space and modernity.
Dubai Airport Duty Free
In the terminal itself, there is a huge duty free area covering 8,000 square metres including departures, arrivals and landside shops.
The terminal concourse also features 14 restaurants, premium airport lounges, shops, and a spa.
There are 26 gates at the terminal, five of which are able to handle the giant Airbus A380 airliner which Emirates is currently bringing into service.
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From a small collection of buildings scattered along a creek between arid sands and the Arabian Gulf, Dubai is today the bustling centre of excellence, boasting world-class business and leisure facilities.
Dubai is a city of contrasts where outstanding modern architecture and soaring skyscrapers are juxtaposed with suburban villas and some of the traditional Arabic homes. The once open areas of the desert are now lush green parks and public garden and four world-class golfing greens.
Dubai is one of the most successful business hubs in the region offering top-notch facilities such as banking, telecommunications, state-of-the-art container terminals, airport, seaports, free trade zones etc.
For leisure, one is spoilt for choice between golfing, scuba diving, desert safaris and horse racing or bargain shopping, nightlife and getting a taste of international cuisine.
Dubai's many and varied attractions provide visitors with an opportunity to experience something 'different' as the traditions of Arabia are never far away from the modern day Dubai. This fascinating blend of modern and ancient is a key factor in Dubai's development as a tourism destination.
The Colosseum is probably the most famous landmark in Rome. Built in the 1st century AD, this great arena could seat 45,000 spectators and was the largest Roman amphitheater in the world.
It hosted gladiatorial combats, spectacles with wild beasts and possibly the execution of early Christians. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was believed to be a place of martyrdom and was therefore regarded as a sacred place.
History
Construction on the Colosseum began under Emperor Vespasian (69-79) and was completed under his son Titus (79-81) in 80 AD. It was built on the site of an artificial lake created by Nero in this valley between Rome's many hills, in front of his Domus Aurea palace.
The arena was then known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, after the family name of the emperors who built it. The name "Colosseum" was not used until 7th century, and derives from the colossal statue of Nero that once stood here. After Nero's death, the statue was transformed into a representation of Helios, the sun god. It remained standing until the Middle Ages, when it was probably melted down for its bronze.
The amphitheatre was used for gladiatorial combats, mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The inaugural festival of the Flavian Amphitheatre, which was the largest amphitheatre in the world, lasted 100 days, during which over 5,000 wild beasts were killed in the arena.
The arena was restored in about 230 AD by Emperor Alexander Severus (222-35). The statistics of those who met their deaths at the Colosseum during another festival, held in 240 AD, are staggering: 2,000 gladiators; 70 lions; 40 wild horses; 30 elephants; 30 leopards; 20 wild asses; 19 giraffes; 10 elks; 10 hyenas; 10 tigers; 1 hippopotamus; and 1 rhinoceros.
The Flavian Amphitheatre was damaged by fire and earthquake several times but was continually restored until the end of the 5th century. Gladiatorial combats were outlawed by the Christian emperor Honorius in 407 and fights with wild beasts were banned in 523. After this, the arena went out of use.
According to the bishop and church historian Theodoret, Honorius was moved to ban the bloody spectacle of the gladiators because of a simple monk named Telmachus:
A certain man of the name of Telemahus had embraced the ascetic life. When the abominable spectacle was being exhibited, he went himself into the stadium, and, stepping down into the arena, endeavored to stop the men who were wielding their weapons against one another.
The spectators of the slaughter were indignant, and inspired by the mad fury of the demon who delights in those bloody deeds, stoned the peacemaker to death.
When the admirable emperor was informed of this he numbered Telemachus in the army of victorious martyrs, and put an end to that impious spectacle. (Theodoret, Ecclesiastical History 5.26)
Telemachus is the only Colosseum martyr of whom there is any evidence. The long-held belief that scores of Christians met their deaths here in the 1st to 3rd centuries has no evidence to support it and may only be a legend.
However, it is perfectly possible there were martyrdoms here, since Christians are known to have been executed in other Roman amphitheatres, such as the one at Lyon and in the Circus of Nero on Vatican Hill (see St. Peter's Basilica).
The belief that Christians were martyred here was a fairly early one, as reflected by the response of Pope Gregory the Great (590-604) to the Byzantine emperor's request for some Roman relics: among the relics given was a bag of sand from the Colosseum floor.
The Colosseum fell into disrepair shortly after its closure in 523. In 526, the barbarian Totila and his forces destroyed parts of it in order to take the valuable bronze clamps that held the stones together. After that, Romans freely helped themselves to the great arena's stones in order to build their houses.
In this period the Colosseum was also used as a Christian burial ground. Early Christian tombs have been found in three areas around the amphitheatre: in the foundations on the north and east sides and on the exterior ground near the present entrance.
In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was situated on the most important pilgrim route in Rome, which led from St. Peter's to the Lateran, and a small suburb grew up around it. In this period the great arena was thought to be a Roman temple to the Sun because of the Colossus statue of Nero-turned-Helios that stood next to it.
In the 13th century, the Colosseum was fortified and occupied by the Frangipani family and the suburb around it became a prosperous area of Rome. However, the area later fell prey to malaria and was abandoned.
Looting of the stone continued on-and-off until the 18th century, when Pope Benedict XIV (1740-58) declared the Colosseum sanctified by the blood of early Christian martyrs and added Stations of the Cross to the arena. After this it was restored and excavated, a work that continues to the present day.
Romantic travelers of the 18th and 19th centuries were smitten with the great ruin of the Colosseum. Among these were Charles Dickens, who wrote in 1846:
It is the most impressive, the most stately, the most solemn, grand, majestic, mournful sight, conceivable. Never in its bloodiest prime can the sight of the gigantic Colosseum, full and running over with the lustiest life, have moved one heart, as it must move all who look upon it now, a ruin. God be thanked: a ruin!
What to See
The exterior of the Roman Colosseum is made entirely of travertine, stretching 527 m around and four stories high. The arches of the second and third stories were originally filled with statues. There were 80 entrances, with the two principal ones reserved for the emperor and his entourage.
The interior is made of brick, tufa and marble; little of the marble survives today. The central area, the arena, was covered with a great wooden floor and canvas to make it waterproof. Over this was a layer of sand to absorb blood - in fact "arena" derives from the Latin word for sand. The floor is now exposed down to its underground passages, where beasts and gladiators awaited their fate, and crossed by a modern walkway.
The arena was surrounded by a 5m-high wall to protect spectators from attacks by wild beasts. At the top of the wall was the podium, on which the imperial party and other VIPs had their seats.
Near the site of the imperial box is a cross, which replaces an earlier one set up to commemorate the Christians who were believed to have been martyred here.
Above this was the cavea, or seating area. This was divided into three tiers: the lowest for knights; the middle for wealthy citizens; and the top for the general population. In total the Colosseum could hold up to 45,000 spectators.
The base of the Colossus statue of Nero, after which the amphitheatre is named, can be seen between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.
Festivals and Events
The Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession to the Colosseum each Good Friday.
